Shengavit: a Kura-Araxes Center in Armenia (Hakob Simonyan and Mitchell S. Rothm

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Language:English
Book Title:Shengavit: a Kura-Araxes Center in Armenia
Author:Hakob Simonyan and Mitchell Rothman
Genre:Archaeology
Publisher:Mazda Publishers

Published: 2023Page #: xii + 298Size: 8.5 x 11ISBN: 978-1-56859-394-4plates, appendix, bibliography, index Quick OverviewThe importance of the site of Shengavit, which is located in the neighborhood of the same name within the Armenian capital city of Yerevan, is its relations to the Kura-Araxes cultural tradition and societal form. The Kura-Araxes, which lasted from 3500 to 2500 BCE, is one of the cultural traditions in the very dynamic fourth and early third millennia BCE. During this time to its south in Mesopotamia the first state-level societies arose with evidence of kings with authority and their bureaucracies, writing as an auditing technique, social stratification evidenced in graves and buildings, mass production of goods, and the earliest formal system of trade (the Uruk expansion). That system brought the raw materials and goods like metals, lumber, semi-precious and chipping stone from the surrounding mountains and highlands. North of the Caucasus mountains in Eurasia pastoral nomadic societies were beginning to be replaced by settled populations with domesticated horse and advance metallurgical technologies. Between the northern steppe and the southern alluvial plains lay the mountains of the lesser Caucasus. It was there at about 3500 BCE that a new cultural tradition arose among small societies of settled farmers and herders in the South Caucasus. Migrants carrying this tradition, marked by a distinctive pottery style and technology, architectural layouts and construction, and rituals of the hearth began to spread from the South Caucasus into the Taurus Mountains by about 3300 BCE, reaching the Levant by 2850 BC, and eastward into the Zagros Mountains starting at 3100 BCE and reaching the central Western Zagros also by about 2850 BCE. Shengavit is a six-hectare site of the second phase of the Kura-Araxes starting at about 2900 BCE and lasting until the transition to the Early Kurgan Period at 2500 BCE. In a landscape where most settlements were no larger than one hectare, it appears to have been a small center with some satellite settlements where intensive production of grains, organization to build a stone wall around the settlement that was still visible in the early 20th century CE developed. Excavation began there in the 1930’s and continued until the 21st century CE. This volume is the first attempt to provide a complete analysis of the site’s remains in light of our broader understanding of cultural and societal evolution at this critical time in human pre- and early history. In fact, it will be the first such book on any Kura-Araxes site in the homeland zone. Accompanied by a web archive on the tDAR site it will be a critical resource for research on the Kura-Araxes and for those interested in the topic. Hakob Yervand SimonyanDr./Prof. Hakob Yervand Simonyan is one of the deans of Armenian Archaeology, having won the Armenian metal for lifetime achievement in recent years. He has broad experience in Armenian archaeology at sites like Nerkin and Verin Naver, Karmir Blur, Aghdzq, Agarak, Shengavit, etc. He has edited the Hrazhdan journal. He has written 230 articles on aspects of the Armenian past from the Bronze Age to the early kings of Armenia. He is a professor of Art History at the Yerevan State University, but most of his time when not doing archaeology he spent to administer the Department of Archeology of the Scientific Research Center for Historical & Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, Republic of Armenia.authorMitchell RothmanDr. Mitchell S Rothman is an Emeritus Professor of Anthropology and Archaeology at Widener University, and a Consulting Scholar at the Penn Museum. He has conducted archaeological excavation and survey projects throughout the Middle East. He has written final reports on earlier excavations at Tepe Gawra, Iraq, and Godin Tepe, Iran, and books and articles on the origin of the state in Mesopotamia of the Uruk Period, the Kura-Araxes cultural tradition, and theoretical issues of archaeological interpretation. His early work concentrated on Mesopotamia, but in the last decade and a half he has been involved with understanding the fascinating 4th and 3rd millennium BC Kura-Araxes culture in its South Caucasian homeland and in its extensive migrant diaspora from the Zagros across the Taurus Mountains and down into the Levant. Introduction to ChaptersMitchell RothmanChapter 1. BackgroundHistory of Shengavit Excavations, Anthropological Problems and Background.Hakob Simonyan and Mitchell RothmanChapter 2. Environmental Background and GeologyMitchell RothmanPollen reportsElisio Kvavadze and Anahit AtoyantsChapter 3. Stratigraphy of Shengavita. 2000-2008Hakob Simonyanb. 2009-2012Mitchell RothmanChapter 4. Architectural Remainsa. History of Shengavitian ArchitectureGregory Areshianb. Houses and House Types at ShengavitHakob Simoyan, Hovannes Sanamyanc. GeoradarMikayel Gregoryan and Raffie DuragyanChapter 5. Economic Activitiesa. Animal utilizationPam Crabtree, Jennifer Piro (with notes by H.-P. and M. Uerpmann and Nyree Manoukian)b. Plant utilizationRoman Hovsepyanc. LithicsDan Rahimid. Metallurgy, Objects of MetalKhachetur Meliksetiane. CeramicsMitchell Rothmanf. Ground Stone ToolsMitchell Rothmang. Bone ToolsMitchell Rothmanh. JewelryHakob SimonyanChapter 6. Ritual and Ideologya. Ritual and Group IntegrationMitchell Rothman, Hakob Simonyanb. Mortuary Practice and TombsHakob Simonyanc. FigurinesHakob SimonyanChapter 7. Synthesis and Future QuestionsHakob Simonyan and Mitchell RothmanSources of Images in FiguresIndex******************Chapter authors:Dr. Gregory Areshian is another Dean of Armenian archaeology and languages, who sadly died from Covid-19 in 2020, and to whom we dedicate the volume. He was a professor at UC Berkley and more recently the American University in Yerevan. He was an archaeologist at many digs in Armenia, was Hakob Simonyan’s teacher, and has written voluminously on topics about Armenian from prehistory to Medieval times.Dr. Pam Crabtree is a professor in the Anthropology department at NYU. She is a world renown palaeozoologist and has worked on animal bone remains from sites in England, Ireland, the Middle East, and Hawaii. She is the author of many reports on her zoological research, this one with a former student, Dr. Jennifer Piro.Dr. Khatchetur Meliksetiyan is a metallurgist trained in Germany with Dr. Ernest Pernicka, with whom he co-authors this chapter on the metal remains from Shengavit. He has written many articles on his metallurgical research. He is currently the Director of the Republic of Armenia Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan State University.Dan Rahimi is a specialist on lithic (chipped stone) materials. Early in his career he participated in many digs in Jordan, Israel, and Turkey. He has spent much of his time as Director of Collections and Exhibits at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, and the Vice President of Collections and Exhibits at the Penn Museum. He was on the Shengavit crew in 2009 and 2010. In retirement he has returned, thankfully, to his area of expertise to do this chapter.Dr. Roman Hovsepyan is a young, but highly regarded, ethnobotanist, who works at the Republic of Armenia Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan State University. He has done work on the plant remains from a number of Armenian sites, studied the plant use of modern highland populations, and had post-doctoral fellowships in France and elsewhere. He has published extensively on the plants of the Kura-Araxes period.Dr. Elisio Kvavadze is a world-renown expert on palynology. She works at the Georgian National Academy of Sciences in the Institute of Palaeobotany in Tblisi. She in cooperation with other international scholars has re-written the climatology of the ancient Caucasian region. She writes this article with a plant geneticist from Yerevan state University, Anahit Ayotants.Dr. Mikayel Gevorgian and Dr. Raffie Duragyan are from the Department of Geology and Geo-physics at Yerevan State University. They are trained in the techniques of georadar survey, which we found most useful in locating probable places to dig and to explore features of the site like its town wall.Dr. Nyree Manoukian completed her PhD in Archaeological Science from the University of Oxford. She analyzed pottery from Shengavit using a multi-analytical approach through petrography, organic residue analysis, and compound-specific isotopic analysis.Hovannes Samanyan is the architect for the Department of Archeology of the Scientific Research Center for Historical & Cultural Heritage. He was a regular on site during our excavations drawing architectural remains and sections (schematic drawing of the stratigraphy from the sides of excavated squares).

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